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Journal Pubs  
Cytokinin-Containing Seaweed and Humic Acid Extracts Associated with Creeping Bentgrass Leaf Cytokinins and Drought Resistance
Dinitroaniline-induced Genetic Changes in Bermudagrass
Exogenous Salicylic Acid Enhances Post-Transplant Success fo Heated Kentucky Bluegrass and Tall Fescue Sod
Physiological Effects of Liquid Applications of a Seaweed Extract and a Humic Acid on Creeping Bentgrass
Seaweed Extract, Humic Acid, and Propiconazole Improve Tall Fescue Sod Heat Tolerance and Posttransplant Quality
Temporary Covers Maintain Fall Bermudagrass Quality, Enhance Spring Greenup, and Increase Stem Carbohydrate Levels
Ultraviolet-B Radiation Damage on Kentucky Bluegrass II: Hormone Supplement Effects
Ultraviolet-B Radiation Damage on Kentucky Bluegrass. I. Antioxidant and Colorant Effects
Ultraviolet-B Radiation Damage on Kentucky Bluegrass. III. Cultivar Effects
 
 
Journal Publications:
Articles appearing in peer reviewed, scientific publications.
Cytokinin-Containing Seaweed and Humic Acid Extracts Associated with Creeping Bentgrass Leaf Cytokinins and Drought Resistance
Crop Science, VOL. 44, September-October 2004
Xunzhong Zhang and E. H. Ervin
Link to Article: CytokininSWEdrought04.pdf

Drought continues to be a major limiting factor for creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds. A.) quality and persistence on golfcourse fairways, greens, and tees.  Little breeding specifically aimed at improving bentgrass drought resistance has been completed.  However, a number of reports indicate that treatment with natural products such as seaweed extracts and humic acids improve cool-season grass drought resistance possibly by hormonal up-regulation of plant defense systems against oxidative stress.  This study was conducted to determine the response of exogenous natural product treatment of three creeping bentgrass cultivars subjected to drought. ‘Penn G-2’, ‘L-93’, and ‘Penncross’ creeping bentgrass were treated with seaweed extract (SWE) at 0.5 kg ha-1, humic acid (HA; 80% a.i.) at 1.5 kg ha-1, alone or in combination, and maintained in a greenhouse at approximately field capacity (-0.01 MPa) or allowed to dry until near the permanent wilting point (-1.5 MPa).  Unashed samples of SWE and HA contained 66 µg g-1 and 57 µg g-1 zeatin riboside (ZR), respectively, while ashed samples contained no detectable cytokinins as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).  There were no significant differences between cultivars in response to drought, except for ZR concentration, which was higher in Penn G-2 than in L-93 or Penncross foliage.  Turf quality and photochemical efficiency began to decline 14 d into the dry-down for the control and at 21 d in the natural product-treated bentgrass.  The combination of HA+SWE enhanced root mass (21–68%), and foliar α-tocopherol (110%) and ZR (38%) contents.  This is the first known report indicating that these natural products contain cytokinins and that their application resulted in increased endogenous cytokinin levels, possibly leading to improved creeping bentgrass drought resistance.

 
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